Indigenous · History Classes · Grades 10–13 · College · University

Further Evidence — The Record Since 2019

History Class · Level band: Grades 10–13 · College · University

DRAFT — CULTURAL REVIEW PENDING. These history classes are a publisher’s draft blend of the Collection’s Indigenous history research, standing on its own website. Indigenous cultural review precedes any public release of this strand. Readings carry the research labels unchanged: Documented Fact · Tradition — the people’s own account · Debated / Claim. This page carries no advertising.

English edition — the language editions of the history classes are outstanding and will follow the site’s translation pattern; none is fabricated here.

For the teacher — teacher-facing guidance for this class stands in this box only; the reading below is the student reading. Senior band only. The lesson of this class is weights. A court ruling binds; a commission finds on its mandate; an apology admits what its words admit; a president's characterisation is a claim, however senior the voice. Students should leave able to say, for each item, what kind of thing it is — and should be shown the NOT CARRIED list at the end, which is this record's discipline applied to new material: an Australian commission refused for scope, a referendum refused for kind — and one apology that stood refused for want of a verified text until the text was obtained and read: it is item 11 of this class. The whole body of evidence is bound in the research file The Evidence, Compiled (Genocide Record file 26).

Eleven items, each at its own weight

Class: RESEARCH. Compiled documented record, 2021–2025, each item checked against the Genocide Record before filing. Full texts, sources and limits: Further Evidence — The Record Since 2019, Genocide Record file 25 (item 11 filed in full as the Yaqui apology file, addendum to file 25).

1. Mexico apologises to the Maya — 2021 · an apology

At Tihosuco, headquarters of the Caste War rebellion, President López Obrador offered "the most sincere apologies to the Maya people for the terrible abuses committed… in the conquest, during three centuries of colonial domination and two centuries of an independent Mexico." The admission's second half is the rare one. The word genocide was not used; the item is filed at an apology's weight.

2. Pope Francis in Canada — 2022 · an apology, and a word

At Maskwacis the Pope begged forgiveness "for the evil committed by so many Christians" in the residential schools. On the flight home, asked about the word he had not used, he said: "But I described genocide. I apologized, I asked forgiveness for this work, which was genocide." Both halves stand: the apology spoke of "many Christians," not an institutional admission; the characterisation was spoken to journalists, not issued as a document.

3. Colombia's Truth Commission — 2022 · a finding

The ethnic volume of Colombia's final report, Resistir no es aguantar — "to resist is not to endure" — documents the violence against the country's ethnic peoples as a continuum rooted in "the invasion, the slave trade and colonization," falling disproportionately and threatening the peoples' collective future. An official finding of historically rooted collective harm; the Commission issued no genocide finding in that term, and none is printed.

4. The Doctrine of Discovery repudiated — 2023 · a doctrinal statement

The Vatican's joint statement of 30 March 2023: the doctrine "is not part of the teaching of the Catholic Church," and the bulls behind it "have never been considered expressions of the Catholic faith." The legal theory under which the hemisphere was granted away — met in this strand's Arrival class — is disowned by the institution that issued its founding documents. Its limit is printed with it: the statement rescinds no title and binds no court.

5. Haaland v. Brackeen — 2023 · a ruling

The US Supreme Court upheld the Indian Child Welfare Act 7–2 — the 1978 statute passed after surveys showed 25–35% of Native children being removed from their families. Justice Gorsuch's concurrence grounds the holding in that history: "the right of Indian communities to resist fading into the twilight of history." A ruling on a statute's validity — the shield against the child-removal mechanism held.

6. Brazil's marco temporal — 2023 · a ruling, and an answer

Brazil's Supreme Federal Court held 9–2 that Indigenous land rights cannot be cut off at presence on 5 October 1988 — a date centuries of expulsion had made impossible for many peoples to meet. Within weeks, Congress enacted the same thesis by statute (Law 14.701). Both halves are filed, dated: a moving record of a court and a legislature moving against each other.

7. Canada's child-welfare settlement — 2023 · compensation on a discrimination finding

The Federal Court approved $23.34 billion — Canada's largest settlement — for First Nations children and families harmed by discriminatory underfunding of on-reserve child services, answering the Human Rights Tribunal's 2019 discrimination finding. By August 2026, over 30,000 removed children had been compensated in the first classes. The finding is discrimination, and the item is printed at exactly that weight — the child-removal record's modern chapter, admitted and priced by the state's own courts.

8. The Yanomami emergency — 2023 · an emergency, documented deaths, and a claim

Brazil declared a health emergency in the Yanomami territory, invaded by over 20,000 illegal gold miners. The Health Ministry's own data: 570 children under five dead of curable diseases in 2019–2022. President Lula called it "genocide… a premeditated crime" — filed here as what it is: a head of government's characterisation, under investigation, with no court ruling. The documented content is the emergency and the 570.

9. The children come home from Carlisle — 2017–2025 · documented acts

The Army's returns continue: nine children, named, in October 2024; nineteen in September 2025, the largest season. Of 232 students who died at Carlisle, 186 were buried in the post cemetery; about 130 sets of remains were still there after September 2025. And the imperfection stands documented inside the returns: the grave opened for Alfred Charko, fifteen, of the Wichita, held remains inconsistent with his record — reburied as unknown, the search continuing. Even the children's burial record was not kept whole.

10. The United States apologises — 2024 · an apology

At the Gila River Indian Community, President Biden delivered the apology the Interior Department's 2024 report had recommended: "I formally apologize, as president of the United States of America, for what we did." The system was "a sin on our soul"; "generations of Native children stolen… their names literally erased." The first formal US apology for the boarding schools, 150 years on — an admission in the president's words, resting on the documented record of 417 schools and at least 973 child deaths. An apology, not a genocide finding; the United States has issued none for the schools.

11. Mexico apologises to the Yaqui — 2021 · an apology, verified at first hand

At Vícam Pueblo, first cabecera of the Yaqui people, on 28 September 2021, President López Obrador offered the apology this record had held back for want of a verified text — now read in the Presidencia's published speech: "First we wish to offer you forgiveness for the crimes of State that were committed against your ancestors, above all during the Porfiriato, though not only during that dictatorship." The speech names the Porfirian campaigns against the Yaqui, Mayo, Seri and Maya a "cruel war of extermination" and "one of the most shameful chapters of our national history." The word genocide is not in the spoken text; it stands in the Government's own Plan de Justicia book — "the gravest actions of genocide, extermination and dispossession" — carried at its class: a programme document's characterisation, not a court finding. Signed at the act and published in the Diario Oficial the next day: 2,943 hectares delivered to the Yaqui people as collective title, and Irrigation District 018 created, to be administered by the people themselves — against a signed commitment of more than 20,000 hectares. An apology with instruments, at an apology's weight: Mexico's second of 2021, beside the Maya apology of item 1.

Examined, and not carried

The Yoorrook Justice Commission (Australia, 2025) — a genuine record, outside this record's Americas frame. Scope. Ecuador's Yasuní referendum (2023) — a protective outcome for territory, not a finding, ruling or case on genocide. Kind. A president's characterisation standing alone as a finding — refused wherever it appears; the Guatemala class teaches why. Level. A record that refuses what it cannot carry is the only kind whose carrying means anything.

Sources for this class

AP (2021; 2022; 2024) • Reuters (2022; 2023) • CEV, Informe Final, ethnic volume (2022) • Vatican joint statement (30 Mar 2023) • Haaland v. Brackeen, 599 U.S. 255 (2023) • STF, RE 1.017.365/SC (2023); Law 14.701/2023 • 2023 FC 1466; CHRT (2019); AFN (Aug 2026) • Sumaúma / Ministério da Saúde data (2023) • US Office of Army Cemeteries via AP (2024); The Dickinsonian (2025) • NEH; NARF (25 Oct 2024) • Presidencia de la República, the Yaqui apology speech (28 Sept 2021); Diario Oficial de la Federación (2020; 2021; 2024); Gobierno de México, Plan de Justicia para el Pueblo Yaqui (2021) — item 11. Full research file: Further Evidence — The Record Since 2019, Genocide Record file 25; the whole body bound in file 26, The Evidence, Compiled.

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