Indigenous · History Classes · Grades 10–13 · College · University
The Genocides Register — Continent by Continent
History Class · Level band: Grades 10–13 · College · University
English edition — the language editions of the history classes are outstanding and will follow the site’s translation pattern; none is fabricated here.
Why this register exists
Class: OWNER’S VOICE. The register’s epigraph is the publisher’s own line, spoken 2026-10-28 as he commissioned it:
“We don’t learn from history, or [it] repeat[s] itself.”
Class: RESEARCH — COMPILATION. This class presents, in student-reading form, the Genocides Register (Genocide Record item 34), compiled 2026-10-28 from the record already built in this history — the Genocide Record items 1–33, the two Extermination Censuses, and HOW THEY WERE EXTERMINATED. No new research stands behind it: every line points back into that record, and every line carries the class the record itself gives:
- DOCUMENTED — an official finding, recognition, conviction, commission verdict, or documented campaign of extermination stands in the record; the instrument is named.
- DEBATED — the characterisation is genuinely contested in the record; both positions are named.
- CLAIM — asserted, including by governments and leaders, without a finding at the record’s standard.
And beside the register’s lines, continent by continent, stands the second count: the peoples not with us anymore — the censuses’ Class A, where people, language and culture are all verified gone — with Class B (ended in the record, descendants continue) stated beside it as its own object. The two counts are never added together. A genocide on the record is not an extinction, and most peoples in the first count are alive.
I. North America
| People | Land · dates | Class | The record |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples | Canada · the residential-schools system, 1831–1996 | DOCUMENTED | The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015) named the system “cultural genocide” — the qualified term printed exactly as the Commission chose it. (Record item 1; the schools chronology, item 27.) |
| The Indigenous peoples of Canada | Canada · the missing and murdered women and girls | DOCUMENTED | The National Inquiry’s genocide finding with its Legal Analysis of Genocide (2019), accepted publicly by the Prime Minister, 4 June 2019. The record prints that the finding remains legally and politically debated; that debate rides this line. (Item 1.) |
| The Native peoples of California | United States · 1846–1873 | DOCUMENTED | The Governor’s apology of 18 June 2019 (Executive Order N-15-19) naming the state-sponsored campaign a genocide; beside it Madley’s documented floor of 9,492–16,092 killed in at least 370 massacres, the Anderson dispute noted. (Items 1, 4, 13.) |
| The Lenape, Shawnee and Seneca-Mingo peoples of the Ohio country | Fort Pitt · 1763 | DOCUMENTED — at attempt level | A documented attempt at biological extermination: the Amherst–Bouquet letters, Trent’s journal and invoice are primary documents. The epidemiological effect is unprovable (Fenn 2000). (Item 6.) |
| Maya Ixil | Guatemala · 1981–83 | DOCUMENTED | The CEH (1999) found acts of genocide. Ríos Montt was convicted of genocide on 10 May 2013 and the conviction annulled on 20 May 2013 — either half alone is a false statement. (Item 9.) |
| The Maya peoples of the CEH’s specified operations | Guatemala · 1981–83 | DOCUMENTED | The same CEH finding, for the operations the Commission itself specified beyond the Ixil region — not widened one people beyond the Commission’s words. (Item 9.) |
| Yaqui | Mexico (Sonora) · the Porfirian campaigns, above all 1880s–1910s | DOCUMENTED | The state’s apology at Vícam, 28 September 2021 — “crimes of State,” a “cruel war of extermination”; the word “genocide” stands in the state’s Plan de Justicia (2021) at that document’s weight. No court finding exists. (Item 25, addendum.) |
| Mayo and Seri | Mexico · the same campaigns | DOCUMENTED | Named in the same Vícam apology speech among the peoples subjected to the same campaigns; no separate finding exists. (Item 25, addendum.) |
| Maya | Mexico (Yucatán) · colonial era through the Caste War, 1847–1901 | DOCUMENTED — at apology weight | The state’s apology at Tihosuco, 3 May 2021, admitting crimes by the Crown and by independent Mexico. No instrument uses the word genocide; this line does not supply it. (Item 25.) |
| The Indigenous peoples of the United States | The whole process · 1492–1900 | DEBATED | Stannard argues genocides in the plural across the whole process; Axtell answers that disease, not policy, did the killing; Ostler files case by case. The question stands where the record leaves it. (Item 1.) |
| The Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara and neighbouring peoples | Upper Missouri · the 1837 smallpox epidemic | CLAIM | The deliberate-blanket account is claimed, not evidenced (Brown 2006). Documented instead: the St. Peter’s continued upriver with smallpox aboard. (Item 6.) |
The two counts — North America. Genocides on the record: at least 9 lines DOCUMENTED · DEBATED 1 · CLAIM 1. Peoples not with us anymore (Class A): 14 named peoples — Beothuk · Timucua · Calusa · Tequesta · Ais · Jaega · Jororo · Mayaca · Acuera · Susquehannock · Yahi · Tocobaga · Uzita · Mocoso — and Mexico & Central America Class A 0, a closed finding. Class B beside: 49 named peoples (US & Canada) and 6 (Mexico & Central America) on counted lines. No North American people stands in both the DOCUMENTED class and Class A.
Named in the record, classification owed — North America: the Pequot (Mystic 1637; the nation dissolved by the Treaty of Hartford, 1638) · the Wampanoag and their allies (King Philip’s War) · the Cherokee (the Removal) · the Diné (the Long Walk) · the Cheyenne and Arapaho (Sand Creek) · the Shoshone and Bannock (Bear River) · the Lenape (Gnadenhutten 1782) · the Dakota (1862; Mankato) · the Lakota (Wounded Knee) · the Plains Cree, Assiniboine and Saulteaux peoples (the documented starvation policy; Battleford) · the peoples of the California missions severally (the mission-roll census is itself owed) · Indigenous women of Canada and of the United States (the sterilization programmes — documented, consent record at its exact level, no genocide finding) · the Pipil (La Matanza 1932, figures as a range, no truth commission, no class entered).
II. South America & the Caribbean
| People | Land · dates | Class | The record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yanomami | Brazil (Haximu) · July–August 1993 | DOCUMENTED | Genocide convictions under Brazil’s 1956 law (20 December 1996), affirmed unanimously by the Supreme Federal Court (3 August 2006), final 2009. Sixteen named dead; the 400–1,000 figure is a claimant’s estimate, not carried. (Item 16.) |
| Ticuna | Brazil (Capacete) · 1988 | DOCUMENTED | Thirteen men convicted of genocide in 2001; on appeal (2004) the genocide convictions were reduced for most to homicide — both stages printed. (Item 16.) |
| Xetá | Brazil (Paraná) · 1940s–60s | DOCUMENTED | Named by the National Truth Commission (CNV, 2014) among the peoples against whom the dictatorship committed genocide. Also census Class B — ended in the record, descendants continue. (Item 15.) |
| Waimiri-Atroari | Brazil · the BR-174 years | DOCUMENTED | CNV 2014, named as above; the chapter’s component figure is 2,650. The people stand and have recovered in number. (Item 15.) |
| Avá-Canoeiro | Brazil (Goiás/Tocantins) | DOCUMENTED | CNV 2014, named as above. The people stand, very few. (Item 15.) |
| Cinta Larga | Brazil · including the 1963 Parallel 11 attack | DOCUMENTED | CNV 2014, named as above; component figure 3,500. The people stand. (Item 15.) |
| The ten peoples of the CNV’s Indigenous chapter, as a set | Brazil · 1946–88 | DOCUMENTED — at the chapter’s level | The Commission found the state responsible for at least 8,350 Indigenous deaths (a floor). Genocide is named for the peoples filed severally above; for the rest the finding is grave violations, not widened here. Behind it, the Figueiredo dossier (1968): the protection agency’s own documented crimes; 134 charged, none jailed. (Item 15.) |
| Aché | Paraguay · the Manhunt era, to 1978 | DEBATED | A contested finding, held exactly as contested: the Whitaker Report (1985) lists the case as genocide; the Inter-American Commission’s provisional view differed; the scholarship is split unresolved. The “85%” figure is not carried. (Item 19.) |
| Mapuche, and the peoples of the pampas and northern Patagonia campaigns | Argentina and Chile · 1861–85 | DEBATED | Delrio, Lenton and others argue the Convention’s frame applies to the campaign system as a whole; other historians frame war and state expansion. A 2022 trial-for-truth filing and a 2019 ICC petition stand; no court judgment. (Item 18.) |
| Taíno | The Caribbean · 1492 onward | DEBATED — and held | The catastrophe is documented; the characterisation is contested; descendant communities assert continuity and stand. The Taíno stand in no census subtotal, by the owner’s ruling. (Census §4.2.) |
| Yanomami | Brazil and Venezuela · the 2019–23 emergency | CLAIM | President Lula’s characterisation (January 2023) — a head of government’s claim under investigation; the documented content is the emergency and the Health Ministry’s 570 child deaths, 2019–2022. A different event and class from the Haximu line; never merged with it. (Item 25.) |
The two counts — South America & the Caribbean. Genocides on the record: at least 7 lines DOCUMENTED · DEBATED 3 · CLAIM 1. Peoples not with us anymore (Class A): South America 2 — Haush, and Taushiro, flagged: filed on a report of its last speaker’s death in 2017, while first-hand checking shows him alive and honoured in 2017 with no death documented; the line stands under the owner’s flag, awaiting his ruling, carried here flagged and never decided — and the Caribbean 6 — Caquetío · Guanahatabey · Macorix · Ciguayo · Shebayo · Yaio. Class B beside: South America 18 counted lines; the Caribbean 0 counted, the Taíno held in no subtotal. The Xetá stand in the DOCUMENTED class and in Class B; no people here stands in both DOCUMENTED and Class A.
Named in the record, classification owed — South America & the Caribbean: the Witoto (Murui), Bora, Andoke and Ocaina (the Putumayo — a documented system; the file states on its face it is not an extermination account) · the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking peoples of Peru (the sterilization programme documented by the state’s own bodies; the record enters no genocide finding and supplies none) · the Haush (Class A; bounty record documented; no class) · the Selk’nam (standing in law, Chile 2023; no class) · the Garífuna (the file states NOT an extermination account) · Tapayuna, Panará, Parakanã, Xavante of Marãiwatsédé, Araweté and Arara (inside the CNV finding at grave-violations level; a genocide naming severally is owed) · the Krenak and Guarani-Kaiowá (a 2024 apology without indemnity; no class) · the Figueiredo dossier’s peoples beyond the CNV’s ten (severally owed).
III. Australia & Oceania
| People | Land · dates | Class | The record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples | Australia · the child removals, c. 1910–1970 | DOCUMENTED | Bringing Them Home (1997) — the national inquiry’s conclusion that the removal policy was genocide within the Convention’s terms; between one in three and one in ten children removed. The 2008 apology stands at apology weight. (Item 30.) |
| The Aboriginal peoples of the mainland frontier | Australia · 1788–1928 | DEBATED | The massacre record is documented — at least 438 massacres, at least 10,657 killed, a floor (the Newcastle map). The word’s application to the frontier wars is debated; the denial position stands in the record as a Claim in the opposite direction. (Item 30.) |
| Palawa | Tasmania · the Black War and martial law, 1828–32, and Wybalenna | DEBATED | Debated as the mainland line — and the extinction premise is refuted: the Palawa are a living people, 30,186 in the 2021 Census. (Item 30.) |
| Moriori | Rēkohu / the Chatham Islands · 1835 onward | DEBATED — three weights carried | The facts are Documented (the Waitangi Tribunal’s Wai 64 findings, 2001; the Crown’s apology, 2020; collapse ~2,000 → ~100). The word “genocide” is the people’s own leadership’s Claim (Māui Solomon, 2020). Its application is Debated. No settled label is entered. (Item 31.) |
| Māori | New Zealand · the Wars, the raupatu, the Native Land Court | DEBATED | No official finding stands; the application of the word is debated in the scholarship the record carries. (Item 31.) |
| Native Hawaiians | Hawai‘i · 1778 onward | DEBATED / CLAIM | No official determination stands; the application is debated and claimed, at those weights. The 1993 Apology Resolution carries its own §3 disclaimer. (Item 31.) |
The two counts — Australia & Oceania. Genocides on the record: at least 1 people-collective DOCUMENTED · DEBATED 5 · CLAIM 0 severally filed (the claims ride inside the lines above at their printed weights). Peoples not with us anymore (Class A): 0 in every land — mainland 0 · Tasmania 0, a refutation · New Zealand 0 · the Pacific 0 — each a finding. Class B beside: 2 counted lines (Kazukuru · Oroha, Solomon Islands), with the nine attested Tasmanian nations as one grouped line outside the count, severing owed. No people of this continent stands in Class A at all.
Named in the record, classification owed — Australia & Oceania: the peoples of the blackbirding trade (Solomon Islands and Vanuatu — the trade documented; even its “slavery” label debated; no finding) · iTaukei (Fiji, 1875 — a catastrophe inside continuity) · Samoans (1918 — an apology at apology weight, no class) · Rapa Nui (a boundary case; the file states it is not an extermination account).
IV. Africa
| People | Land · dates | Class | The record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Herero (Ovaherero) | Namibia · 1904–08 | DOCUMENTED | Von Trotha’s extermination order of 2 October 1904, quoted from the primary text; and Germany’s recognition of 28 May 2021 — genocide “from today’s perspective,” the €1.1 billion framed as development, not reparations; the agreement unsigned and under court challenge. The people survived. (Item 32.) |
| Nama | Namibia · 1904–08 | DOCUMENTED | The same instruments — the camps including Shark Island, and the 2021 recognition naming the Nama with the Herero. The people stand. (Item 32.) |
| The peoples of the Congo Free State | Congo · 1885–1908 | DEBATED / CLAIM | The terror system and a demographic catastrophe are documented; the toll is an estimate of decline, not a count (published spread c. 1.2 million to 13 million); the extraction objection stands in the file; no official recognition. (Item 32.) |
| The tribal peoples of Algeria | Algeria · the conquest, 1830–75 | DEBATED | Kiernan and Gallois argue genocidal dimensions; Algeria asserts genocide as its official claim; France has made no recognition; the population fell by up to one-third, as ranges. (Item 32.) |
| The Bedouin peoples of Cyrenaica | Libya · 1923–32 | DEBATED / CLAIM | Graziani’s camps documented; the toll contested, as a range; “the Libyan genocide” is a scholarly and national naming; no Italian recognition. The Libya poison-gas claim stands separately as Claim, documentation owed. (Item 32.) |
| Kikuyu, with Embu and Meru | Kenya · the Emergency, 1952–60 | DEBATED | Elkins used the word of the camp system; the British state’s words are “torture and ill-treatment,” with regret (2013); no finding. Elkins’s 300,000 is not carried. (Item 32.) |
| The Matumbi, Ngoni, Yao and neighbouring peoples | Southern Tanzania · Maji Maji, 1905–07 | DEBATED | The scorched-earth famine strategy is documented; some scholars call it genocidal; no finding; the toll as a range (75,000–300,000). Germany’s 2023 Songea apology stands at apology weight. (Item 32.) |
| Duala | Cameroon · the German colonial period | CLAIM / DEBATED | The textbook-critique literature’s words — “mass murder and genocide” — a scholarly-campaign claim with no official finding. (Item 32.) |
| Guanche | Canary Islands · the Castilian conquest, 1402–96 | DEBATED | Some scholars classify the destruction as colonial genocide; no finding stands. Also census Class B — ended in the record, descent continuing. (Item 32.) |
The two counts — Africa. Genocides on the record: at least 2 peoples DOCUMENTED · DEBATED 7 (two carrying claim limbs at their printed weights) · CLAIM 0 severally filed beyond those limbs. Peoples not with us anymore (Class A): 0 — a finding. Class B beside: 7 counted lines — Guanche · ǀXam · ǁXegwi · Kwadi · Gafat · Aasax · Kw’adza — with three grouped lines outside the count. The Guanche stand in the DEBATED class and in Class B; no African people stands in Class A.
Named in the record, classification owed — Africa: the San peoples of the Cape’s settled districts (the commando system documented in the record’s own extermination language; the peoples stand) · the Khoekhoe (collapse documented; the people stand) · the peoples of Ethiopia (1935–41 — chemical warfare documented; no class entered) · the Malagasy peoples (1947 — the toll itself debated as figures; no class) · the peoples of Togo and of the Portuguese colonies (the record stands at outline depth; a full pass is owed).
V. Asia & the North
| People | Land · dates | Class | The record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chukchi | Siberia · 1730–47 | DOCUMENTED — intent and campaign | Pavlutsky’s campaigns, and the imperial order of 1742 that the Chukchi and Koryaks be “totally extirpated” — documented as an order. The extermination failed: Pavlutsky was killed by Chukchi fighters in 1747; the Chukchi stand, self-governing in Chukotka. (Item 33.) |
| Koryak | Siberia · 1742–56 | DOCUMENTED | Named in the same 1742 order; resistance through 1745–56; the people stand. (Item 33.) |
| The Great Andamanese peoples | Andaman Islands · 1858 onward | DOCUMENTED — as a destruction record | Punitive killing, the Andaman Homes, and the census-year collapse from ~5,000 (1858) to 19 (1961) stand documented. The caveat stands in full: no court, commission or government has entered a genocide finding; the word stands Claim in advocacy and Debated in scholarship. These peoples stand in BOTH counts — the six Class A peoples: Aka-Bea · Aka-Kol · Oko-Juwoi · Aka-Kede · Akar-Bale · Jangil — with Aka-Bo and A-Pucikwar in Class B, and the Jarawa, Onge and Sentinelese living. (Item 33.) |
| The peoples of Siberia | The conquest as a whole · 1580s onward | DEBATED | The collapses are documented; the label for the whole conquest is debated among historians; no finding stands. (Item 33.) |
| Anaul | A Yukaghir tribal group · Siberia | DEBATED / CLAIM | “May have included genocide” in some secondary summaries — no inquiry, court or monograph behind the phrase; not carried as an event. (World Census; item 33.) |
| The Filipino peoples | The Philippine–American War · 1899–1902 | DEBATED — characterisation only | The toll is documented as a war toll and converted into no extinction register; the word as the war’s characterisation stands Claim/Debated in the record’s own heading words. (Item 33.) |
| Greenlandic Inuit | Greenland · the 1960s–70s IUD (“spiral”) campaign | CLAIM — in live process | The genocidal characterisation is asserted in live political and legal process (inquiry reported 2025; litigation proceeding); no court finding stands. The documented harms stand at their own weights in the tail below. (Item 33.) |
The two counts — Asia & the North. Genocides on the record: at least 3 lines DOCUMENTED (one of them a six-peoples line) · DEBATED 3 · CLAIM 1. Peoples not with us anymore (Class A): 6 — the Andaman peoples named above; every other land 0 (Siberia · Taiwan · Japan · the Philippines · the European North), each a finding. Class B beside: 4 counted lines — Aka-Bo · A-Pucikwar · Mator · Koibal — with grouped lines outside the count. The six Andamanese peoples are the only peoples in this register standing in both a documented destruction and Class A.
Named in the record, classification owed — Asia & the North: the Ainu (assimilation documented; recognised in law 2019; no finding) · the Sámi (Norwegianization documented; a 1997 royal apology; truth commissions in process; no finding) · Greenlandic Inuit — the documented episodes (the 1951 experiment children; the 1953 Thule relocation; Denmark’s 2020 apology) at their weights, apart from the claim line above · Taiwan’s Pingpu peoples severally (the absorption precedent refuted — Siraya recognised 30 July 2026; no finding) · Itelmen, Yukaghir, Unangan (collapses documented inside peoples who stand) · the Aeta (land pressure documented; no class).
What this register does not do
The two counts are never added together — not in any continent above, and not here. There is no world total of genocides in this class, and none of peoples; the censuses refuse such totals for the same reason, and the register inherits the refusal. Every documented count is a floor of the built record — “at least” — and the classification-owed tails are the honest map of what the record has named but not yet classed: they are part of the answer, not an appendix to it. And a people in this register is not thereby gone: of the peoples with a genocide on the record, the great majority are alive — several recovered, some self-governing. The second count exists to keep that truth separate.
Read beside this class: Genocide — Findings, Terms and the Law · The Exterminated — The Census of Nations · The Extermination Census — The Continuations · Australia — Frontier and Removals · Africa — Herero, Nama, Congo · The Andamans and the Ainu · Siberia and the North.